Calibration of Traffic Simulation Models using SPSA

Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο--Μεταπτυχιακή Εργασία. Διεπιστημονικό-Διατμηματικό Πρόγραμμα Μεταπτυχιακών Σπουδών (Δ.Π.Μ.Σ.) “Γεωπληροφορική

Demand pattern analysis of taxi trip data for anomalies detection and explanation

Novi Zakon o obveznim odnosima promijenio je naziv instituta bankarske garancije u bankarsko jamstvo i pojam tog instituta izložen u čl. 1039. st. 1. i 2. (tako da se sada pod nazivom bankarskog jamstva pojavljuje samostalna bankarska garancija), dok ostale odredbe ranijeg ZOO-a sadržajno nisu promijenjene. Bankovna garancija jeste samostalna obveza banke garanta koja je akcesorna obveza jamca. Banka garant ne osigurava ispunjenje obveze glavnog dužnika, naprotiv, obvezuje se korisniku garancije nadoknaditi štetu, odnosno izvršiti obvezu koju u ugovorenom roku nije izvršio glavni dužnik. U radu izlažem pitanja u svezi s oblikom i vrstama garancije, kvalifikacijom i nastankom bančine obveze prema korisniku, pretpostavkama isplate, prenosivošću i potvrdom garancije kao i njihovoj zlouporabi.The new Law of mandatory relations has changed the name of the bank warranty to bank assurance and complete connotation is represented in article 1039. in section 1 and 2. (according to which, under the name of bank warranty is independent bank assurance) while other provisions from the Law of mandatory relations have not been significantly contextually changed. Bank warranty is independent obligation of the warrant bank, which is accessory obligation of the guarantor. Warrant bank does not assure implementation of the main debtor’s obligation, but it commits to compensate potential detriment towards the warranty user, in the other words, implement the obligation which has not been realized by the main debtor in specified time period

Use of Taxi-Trip Data in Analysis of Demand Patterns for Detection and Explanation of Anomalies

Because of environmental and economic stress, current strong investment in adaptive transport systems can efficiently use capacity, minimizing costs and environmental impacts. The common vision is of a system that dynamically changes itself (the supply) to anticipate the needs of travelers (the demand). In some occasions, unexpected and unwanted demand patterns are noticed in the traffic network; these patterns lead to system failures and cost implications. Significantly, low speeds or excessively low flows at an unforeseeable time are only some of the phenomena that are often noticed and need to be explained for a transport system to develop a better future response. The objective of this research was the formulation of a methodology that could identify anomalies on traffic networks and correlate them with special events by using Internet data. The main subject of interest in this study was the investigation of why traffic congestion was occurring as well as why demand fluctuated on days when there were no apparent reasons for such phenomena. The system was evaluated by using Google’s public data set for taxi trips in New York City. A “normality” baseline was defined at the outset and then used in the subsequent study of the demand patterns of individual days to detect outliers. With the use of this approach it was possible to detect fluctuations in demand and to analyze and correlate them with disruptive event scenarios such as extreme weather conditions, public holidays, religious festivities, and parades. Kernel density analysis was used so that the affected areas, as well as the significance of the observed differences compared with the average day, could be depicted. </jats:p

Programa intensivo ERASMUS: TOPCART. Documentación Geométrica del Patrimonio (memoria de actividades 2010-2011)

[EN] Data contained in this record come from the following accademic activity (from which it is possible to locate additional records related with the Monastery):● LDGP_inv_002: "Intensive Program ERASMUS: TOPCART. Geometric Documentation of the Heritage (administrative and academic documentation)", http://hdl.handle.net/10810/9906[ES] Los datos de este registro provienen de la una actividad académica que también aparece descrita en el repositorio y desde donde se puede acceder a otros trabajos relacionados con el Monasterio:● LDGP_inv_002: "Programa intensivo ERASMUS: TOPCART. Documentación Geométrica del Patrimonio (documentación administrativa y académica)", http://hdl.handle.net/10810/9906[EN] The main objective this project is looking for is the exchange of practical methodologies, in topics related with the measure and representation of heritage, between teachers and specially students from different countries. For the achievement of this aim we expect the participation of a group of about 30 students and 8 lecturers from Germany, Italy, Greece, Lithuania and Spain.Activities will be focused on the development of concrete projects in documentation of heritage, specifically in the San Prudencio Monastery (La Rioja, Spain). In this site, digital techniques for the acquisition of geometric information from GPS equipment, surveying total stations, laser scanner and photogrammetry systems, will be put into practice.Obtained data will be processed as follows: first of all, they will be documented by adding necessary metadata in order to ensure their use in the future, then, they will be treated to obtain cartographic representations and virtual models which can be distributed on the Internet.As results we expect: metric data of the monument, graphic models for difussion and collaboration partnertships.[ES] El objetivo principal que se persigue en este proyecto es el intercambio de metodológico práctico, en materias afines a la medida y la representación del patrimonio, entre profesores y fundamentalmente alumnos, de diferentes países. Para la consecución de este fin se espera la participación de un grupo de aproximadamente 25 alumnos y 8 profesores de (Alemania, Italia, Grecia, Lituania y España).Las actividades se centrarán en el desarrollo de proyectos concretos de documentación de elementos patrimoniales, en concreto el apartado práctico se desarrollará en el Monasterio de San Prudencio (La Rioja, España). En el se aplicarán técnicas digitales de registro de información geométrica, constituidas por receptores GPS, estaciones totales topográficas, escáneres láser y sistemas fotogramétricos.Los datos obtenidos serán tratados de la siguiente manera: en primer lugar serán documentados, mediante la adición de la metainformación necesaria para garantizar su utilidad a lo largo del tiempo, seguidamente serán procesados con el fin de obtener las representaciones cartográficas y modelos virtuales de representación que puedan ser difundidas por medio de Internet.Como resultados se pretenden: un conjunto de registros métricos del momento de la intervención, modelos gráficos de difusión y finalmente relaciones de colaboración interpersonal e interinstitucional.European Commission, DG Education and Culture (Erasmus 2009-1-ES1-ERAIP-0013, 2010-1-ES1-ERA10-0024); Organismo Autónomo Programas Educativos Europeos (OAPEE); Gobierno de La Rioja (Spain); Universidad de La Rioja; Clavijo City Council; Logroño City Council; Ilustre Colegio de Ingenieros Técnicos en Topografía (Delegación de La Rioja)[ES] Memoria de proyecto (PDF) [es el último fichero de la lista, el enlace directo es https://addi.ehu.es/bitstream/10810/7053/1053/ldgp_mem011-1_Clavijo_SanPrudencio.pdf] + 11 imágenes de la visita preliminar en abril de 2009, en formato JPEG + 19 nubes de puntos en formato txt (comprimido en ZIP junto a un fichero de metadatos y una imagen que sirve de croquis y que también se presenta suelta) + 27 fotografías tomadas desde un helicóptero radicontrolado en 2011 por el grupo H (JPEG) + 18 fotografías métricas del edificio en forma de -L- tomadas desde el Sur + 13 fotografías métricas del edificio en forma de -L- tomadas desde el Este + 95 fotografías métricas del interior del edificio en forma de -L- (JPEG) + 35 fotografías métricas tomadas desde el cerro que se encuentra al sur (JPEG) + 8 fotografías métricas que forman 4 pares estereoscópicos (2 del grupo B y 2 del grupo D) (JPEG) + 183 fotografías métricas que forman 91 tripletas (grupos B, C y D) (JPEG). [NOTA: este registro no está cerrado, se irán incorporando nuevos materiales de forma progresiva][EN] General report (PDF) [it is the last file of the list, the direct link is https://addi.ehu.es/bitstream/10810/7053/1053/ldgp_mem011-1_Clavijo_SanPrudencio.pdf] + 11 pictures taken during the preliminary visit in April 2009 (JPEG format) + 19 point clouds in plain text (compressed in a ZIP file together with a file with metadata and an image PNG as sketch, these image are also presented on their own) + 27 photographs taken from a remote-controlled helicopter for the group H in 2011(JPEG) + 18 metric pictures of the L-shaped building taken from the South (JPEG) + 13 metric pictures of the L-shaped building taken from the East (JPEG) + 95 metric pictures of the inside part of the L-shaped building (JPEG) + 35 metric photographs taken from the hill opposite in the Southern + 8 metric photographs in four stereopairs (2 from group B and 2 from group D) (JPEG) + 183 metric photographs arranged in 91 triplets from groups B, C and D (JPEG). [NOTE: this record is not closed, more data will be uploaded progressively

Dynamic Car–Following Model Calibration Using SPSA and ISRES Algorithms

Calibration plays a fundamental role in successful applications of traffic simulation and Intelligent Transportation Systems. In this research, the calibration of car–following models is seen as a dynamic problem, which is solved at each individual time–step. The optimization of model parameters is fulfilled using the Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) algorithm. The output of the optimization is a distribution of parameter values, capturing a wide range of various traffic conditions. The methodology is demonstrated via a case study, where the proposed framework is implemented for the dynamic calibration of the car–following model used in the TransModeler traffic simulation model and Gipps′ model. This method results to model parameter distributions, which are superior to simply using point parameter values, as they are more realistic, capturing the heterogeneity of driver behavior. Flexibility is thus introduced into the calibration process and restrictions generated by conventional calibration methods are relaxed

Evaluation of the current condition of a pavement using Terrestrial Laser Scanning

236 σ.Το οδόστρωμα με την πάροδο του χρόνου και υπό την επίδραση της κυκλοφορίας και των κλιματολογικών συνθηκών χάνει την αρχική του κατάσταση στα πλαίσια του κύκλου ζωής του. Κατά συνέπεια, στην περίπτωση που δεν γίνει κάποια επέμβαση για την συντήρηση του, υποβαθμίζεται το επίπεδο εξυπηρετικότητας του. Μέχρι σήμερα ο ακριβής προσδιορισμός των επιφανειακών φθορών γίνεται έπειτα από επί τόπου επιθεωρήσεις από εξειδικευμένο προσωπικό, που έχουν ως στόχο την εξασφάλιση πραγματικών δεδομένων για την κατάσταση του οδοστρώματος με σκοπό την βέλτιστη συντήρηση του. Στα πλαίσια των εργασιών αξιολόγησης υπεισέρχεται πάντα ο ανθρώπινος παράγοντας, συνεπώς και το στοιχείο της υποκειμενικότητας. Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η ανάπτυξη μιας μεθοδολογίας, η οποία θα επιτρέπει την δημιουργία μιας αντικειμενικής διαχρονικής βάσης δεδομένων που θα περιλαμβάνει στοιχεία της υφιστάμενης λειτουργικής κατάστασης του εθνικού δικτύου μιας χώρας. Η ανάλυση επικεντρώθηκε σε τρία οδικά τμήματα διαφορετικής λειτουργικής κατάστασης. Με την βοήθεια ενός επίγειου σαρωτή επετεύχθη η συλλογή τρισδιάστατης πληροφορίας σχετικά με την υφιστάμενη κατάσταση των προς μελέτη οδοστρωμάτων, σε πολύ ικανοποιητική ακρίβεια και ταχύτητα. Επιπλέον, σημαντικό εργαλείο αποτέλεσε η χρήση ενός λογισμικού παραγωγής τρισδιάστατων μοντέλων και δισδιάστατων σχεδίων. Μέσα από τα παράγωγα σχέδια και μοντέλα, καθώς επίσης και μέσα από επιτόπιες μετρήσεις, πραγματοποιήθηκε αξιολόγηση της λειτουργικότητας του οδοστρώματος. Δόθηκε ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στην ποιότητα απορροής των υδάτων, και στην εμφάνιση υδρολίσθησης. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν πως μπορεί να γίνει βαθμολόγηση της παρούσας κατάστασης ενός οδικού τμήματος μέσα από τα μοντέλα επιφάνειας σε αρκετά ικανοποιητικό βαθμό. Όλες οι παράμετροι που καθορίζουν την επιλογή κλίμακας εμφάνισης και σοβαρότητας κάθε παραμόρφωσης ή φθοράς που εμφανίζεται, μπορούν να αξιολογηθούν και να ποσοτικοποιηθούν στην ζητούμενη ακρίβεια που απαιτεί η μεθοδολογία. Όλα τα στοιχεία αντιπροσωπεύουν αντικειμενικούς δείκτες της υφιστάμενης κατάστασης και μπορούν να αποτελέσουν το υπόβαθρο για μελλοντικές συγκρίσεις και αξιολογήσεις των μεταβολών της λειτουργικότητας ενός οδοστρώματος.The pavement, as time passes and under the effect of traffic and the climatic conditions, loses its original state during its lifecycle. As a result, in case that no action is taken for its preservation, it degrades in the level of its Present Serviceability Index. Until today, the precise determination of the superficial damage is done after on the spot inspections from specialized personnel, which target the obtaining of real data about the condition of the pavement, for the purpose of its optimal maintenance. The framework of evaluation is always affected by the human factor and thus the element of subjectivity. The goal of this thesis is the development of a methodology which will allow the creation of an objective diachronic database which will contain elements of the present state of functionality of a country’s national road network. The analysis was focused on three road sections of different functional state. With the aid of a terrestrial laser scanner, the collection of three dimensional data, regarding the present situation of the pavement, was accomplished, in very high precision and speed. Furthermore, an important tool was the use of a three dimensional rendering and two dimensional drawings software. Through all the derivative drawings and models, as well as the on location measurements, the evaluation of the functionality of the pavement was realized. Special care was given to the quality of the liquid drainage, and the appearance of aquaplaning. The results showed that present serviceability of a road segment can be graded, through the surface models quite satisfactorily. Every parameter that affects the choice of scale of appearance and severity of each deformation or damage that occurs can be evaluated and quantified in the precision required by the methodology. Every element represents objective indicators of the present situation and can provide the basis for future comparisons and evaluations of the variations of the pavement’s functionality.Ιουλία Χ. Μάρκο